MUHAMAD YAMIN

Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia.
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari

Sampul Buku Muhammad Yamin dan cita cita persatuan
Prof. Muhammad Yamin, SH (Sawahlunto, 24 Agustus 1903–Jakarta, 17 Oktober 1962) adalah seorang pahlawan nasional Indonesia.
Beliau merupakan salah satu perintis puisi modern di Indonesia, serta juga 'pencipta mitos' yang utama kepada Presiden Sukarno.
Daftar isi[sembunyikan]
1 Biografi
1.1 Kesusasteraan
1.2 Politik
2 Karya-karyanya
3 Lihat pula
4 Pranala luar


Biografi

Kesusasteraan
Dilahirkan di Kota Sawahlunto, Sumatera Barat, Yamin memulakan karir sebagai seorang penulis pada dasawarsa1920-an semasa puisi Indonesia mengalami romantisisme yang hebat. Karya-karya pertamanya ditulis dalam bahasa Melayu dalam jurnal Jong Sumatera, sebuah jurnal berbahasa Belanda, pada tahun 1920. Karya-karyanya yang awal masih terikat kepada kata-kata basi bahasa Melayu Klasik.

Pada tahun 1922, Yamin muncul buat pertama kali sebagai penyair dengan puisinya, Tanah Air ; maksud "tanah air"-nya ialah Sumatera. Tanah Air merupakan himpunan puisi modern Melayu yang pertama yang pernah diterbitkan. Sitti Nurbaya, novel modern utama yang pertama dalam bahasa Melayu juga muncul pada tahun yang sama, tetapi ditulis oleh Marah Rusli yang juga merupakan seorang anak Minangkabau. Karya-karya Rusli mengalami masa kepopuleran selama sepuluh tahun .

Himpunan Yamin yang kedua, Tumpah Darahku, muncul pada 28 Oktober 1928. Karya ini amat penting dari segi sejarah karena pada waktu itulah, Yamin dan beberapa orang pejuang kebangsaan memutuskan untuk menghormati satu tanah air, satu bangsa, dan satu bahasa Indonesia yang tunggal. Dramanya, Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes yang berdasarkan sejarah Jawa muncul juga pada tahun yang sama. Antara akhir dekad 1920-an sehingga tahun 1933, Roestam Effendi, Sanusi Pane, dan Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana merupakan pembentuk-pembentuk utama bahasa Melayu-Indonesia dan kesusasteraannya.

Walaupun Yamin menguji kaji bahasa dalam puisi-puisinya, dia masih lebih menepati norma-norma klasik bahasa Melayu, berbanding dengan generasi-generasi penulis yang lebih muda. Beliau juga menerbitkan banyak drama, esei, novel sejarah dan puisi yang lain, serta juga menterjemahkan karya-karya William Shakespeare (drama Julius Caesar) dan Rabindranath Tagore.

Politik
Pada tahun 1932, Yamin memperoleh ijazahnya dalam bidang hukum di Jakarta. Beliau kemudian bekerja dalam bidang hukum Internasional di Jakarta sehingga tahun 1942. Karir politiknya dimulai dan beliau giat dalam gerakan-gerakan nasionalis. Pada tahun 1928, Kongres Pemuda II menetapkan bahasa Indonesia, yang berasal dari bahasa Melayu, sebagai bahasa gerakan nasionalis Indonesia. Melalui pertubuhan Indonesia Muda, Yamin mendesak supaya bahasa Indonesia dijadikan asas untuk sebuah bahasa kebangsaan. Oleh itu, bahasa Indonesia menjadi bahasa resmi serta alat utama dalam kesusasteraan inovatif.

Semasa pendudukan Jepang antara tahun 1942 dan 1945, Yamin bertugas dengan Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA), sebuah organisasi nasionalis yang disokong oleh pemerintah Jepun. Pada tahun 1945, beliau mencadangkan bahwa sebuah Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) diasaskan serta juga bahwa negara yang baru harus merangkumi Sarawak, Sabah, Semenanjung Malaya, Timor Portugis, serta juga kesemua wilayah Hindia Belanda. Sukarno yang juga merupakan anggota BPUPKI menyokong Yamin. Sukarno menjadi presiden Republik Indonesia yang pertama pada tahun 1945, dan Yamin dilantik untuk jabatan-jabatan yang penting dalam pemerintahannya.

Yamin meninggal dunia di Jakarta dan dikebumikan di Talawi, sebuah kota kecamatan yang terletak 20 kilometer dari ibu kota Kabupaten Sawahlunto, Sumatera Barat.

Karya-karyanya
Tanah Air, 1922
Indonesia, Tumpah Darahku, 1928
Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes, 1934
Sedjarah Peperangan Dipanegara , 1945
Gadjah Mada, 1948
Revolusi Amerika, 1951

Indonesian historian, poet, playwright, and politician, member of the leftist Murba Party. Yamin became President Sukarno's principal 'myth-maker'. He started his career as a writer in the 1920s, when Indonesian poetry was marked by an intense and largely reflective romanticism.
Di atas batasan Bukit Barisan Memandang beta ke bawah memandang Tampaklah hutan rimba dan ngarai lagi pun sawah, telaga nan permai : Serta gerangan lihatlah pula Langit yang hijau bertukar warna Oleh pucuk daun kelapa : Itulah tanah airku Sumatera namanya tumpah darahku. (from 'Tanah Air')

Minangkabau Muhammad Yamin was one of the pioneers of modern poetry in Indonesia. He was born in Sawah Lunto in West-Sumatra. Yamin started to write in Malaya in the Dutch-language journal Jong Sumatra in 1920, but his early works were still tied to the clichés used in Classical Malay. Yamin debuted as a poet with Tanah Air ('fatherland') in 1922. It was the first collection of modern Malay verse to be published. However, the first important modern novel in Malay, Sitti Nurbaya by Minangkabau Marah Rusli, had appeared in 1922. Rusli's work enjoyed ten years of great popularity. The 'fatherland' to which the title of Yamin's book referred, was not Indonesia but Sumatra. In the title poem In it, Yamin stands on the hills of his native Minangkabau country, praising its natural beauty. Yamin's second collection, Tumpah Darahku, appeared on 28 October, 1928. The date was historically important - then Muhammad Yamin and his fellow nationalists resolved to revere a single - Indonesian - homeland, race and language. His play, Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes, which took its subject from Java's history, appeared also 1928. From the late 1920s until 1933 Roestam Effendi, Sanusi Pané with his poems (Madah Kelana, 1931) and plays (Kertadjaja, 1932; Sandhyakala ning Majapahit, 1933), and Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana were the principal shapers of the Malay language and its literature.

Yamin studied law in Jakarta, graduating in 1932. He worked in Jakarta until 1942 specializing in international law. Yamin's political career started early and he was a active in nationalist movements. In 1928 the Second Congress of Indonesian Youth proclaimed Malay, since known as Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), the language of the Indonesian nationalist movement. Yamin made an initiative through the organization Indonesia Muda, that Bahasa Indonesia is made as the foundation of a national language. Today it is the republic's official language and the principal vehicle for innovative literary expression. Also attempts at writing modern literature have been made in most of Indonesian major regional languages.

During the Japanese occupation (1942-1945) Yamin worked for the Japanese-sponsored confederation of nationalist organizations, the Center of People's Power (Putera). In 1945 Yamin suggested to BPUPKI, a committee preparing Indonesian's independence process, that the new nation should include Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, and Portuguese Timor, as well as all the territories of the Netherlands Indies. Achmad Sukarno (1901-1970), who was a member of BPUPKI, supported Yamin. Sukarno became in 1945 the first President of Indonesian republic. Under Sukarno's long period of power - he was he was stripped of office in 1967 - Indonesia became a leader of the Third World, and developed close ties with China and the U.S.S.R. During and after the struggle for independence Yamin held important posts in the governmental administration. Yamin died in Jakarta on October 17, 1962.

Yamin's first works appeared in the 1920s. He made much use of the sonnet form, borrowed from Dutch literature. At that time among the major writers were national activist Abdoel Moeis (1898-1959), whose central theme was the interaction of Indonesian and European value system. In 1936 appeared Pandji Tisna's (1908-1978) Sukreni, gadis Bali, possibly the most original work of pre-independence fiction, which dealt with the destructive effect of contemporary commercial ethics on Balinese society. Distinctly innovative poetry began to appear in the 1910s. The European sonnet form was especially popular, but the influence of traditional verse forms remained strong. Although Yamin experimented with the language in his poetry, he uphold the classical norms of Malay more than the younger generation of writers, who gradually improved on the new poertry. Yamin also published plays, essays, historical novels and poems, and translated works from such authors as Shakespeare (Julius Caesar) and Tagore.
Indonesian literature from the 1920s to the 1960s: The earliest Indonesian novels were published in the 1920s. Pudjangga Baru (The New Writer) literary school, which was established in 1933, influenced greatly the development of literature. Its founder and first editors were Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, and Arminjn Pané, brother of Sanusi Pané. Pudnjagga Baru advocated the idea that traditional literary forms had to be replaced by moderrn means of expression. Another movement, 45 Group, reflected the ideas of the independence struggle. Among its members was the poet Chairil Anwar, who died at the age of 27, but released the poetry from the bonds of traditional forms and literary language. Other important writers: Sanuse Pané, Idrus, Surwarsih Djojopuspito, Achdiat Karta Mihardja, Toha Mohtar, Mochtar Lubis (imprisoned by the Sukarno regime for four years), Pramoedye Ananta Toer. The first Indonesian dramatist to gain wide recognition was Utuy Tatang Sontani (1820-1979). Poetry in Javanese since independence has been dominated by St. Iesmaniasita and by Muryalelana (b. 1932), preindependence fiction in Sundanese was almost synonymous with the name of Mohamad Ambri (1892-1936). The finest Chinese-Indonesian novelist was Liem King-hoo. The most substantial work of fiction in Dutch by an Indonesian author was the novel Buiten het gareel (1940) by Suwarsih Djojopuspito. - For further reading: Modern Indonesian Literature by A. Teeuw (1979); The Emergence of the Novel in Modern Indonesian and Malaysian Literature by Ali A. Wahab (1991); 'Southeast Asian Novel: Indonesia' in Encyclopedia of the Novel, Vol 2., ed. by Paul Schellinger (1998) -

For further information: Tanah Air -
Selected works:
TANAH AIR, 1922
INDONESIA, TUMPAH DARAHKU, 1928
KEN AROK DAN KEN DEDES, 1934
SEDJARAH PEPERANGAN DIPANEGARA, 1945
GAJA MADA, 1948
REVOLUSI AMERIKA, 1951